cryptocurrency
The current state of crypto
Crypto is in a constant state of flux. In 2022 we witnessed the infamous crypto-crash, it’s now in the midst of regulatory changes, and two of the biggest crypto companies are currently facing lawsuits. With so much confusion and incoming crackdowns, it makes sense that you might be having questions about what’s happening and how the crypto landscape is changing.
This week, at The Salary Calculator, we’ll walk you through:
- How the current crypto market is faring,
- Legislative changes and regulated crypto activity
- What’s happening with Britcoin
- How to stay as safe as possible when trading
How is crypto faring?
There are currently 23,171 cryptocurrency projects in the crypto market amounting to £954 billion, with the leading three being Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), and Tether (USDT). The former is the original cryptocurrency and the world’s largest, with a 1 Bitcoin worth £24,019.77, up from £18,929 in August last year. However, as highlighted, despite this, the crash saw it fall from its all-time high of £69,000 the year prior to this much lower figure.
Ethereum, similarly, has fallen meteorically; last year in May, the cryptocurrency fell over 20 per cent in 24 hours – at the end of June, it was worth £1,481, with a market cap of £178.1 billion.
Tether, meanwhile, lost USD 20 billion in 2022, but according to the latest reports, it has now recovered this, surpassing USD 83.2 billion in market capitalisation.
However, for the most part, trust has not been restored in crypto, and experts say that the road to recovery will be long. Indeed, considering the continued volatility of the currency, experts say that if you choose to invest in crypto, keep investment minimal and only weigh in money that you can afford to lose. It’s likely last year you will have seen stories of investors losing their entire life savings after betting on crypto – and it’s important to remember that even the most tech-savvy individuals are at risk of losing money, because the market is extremely speculative.
Legislative changes regulating activity and risk
There have been lots of regulatory shifts related to crypto in recent years, and just recently, the UK parliament moved one step further to recognising crypto as a regulated activity in the UK, voting the Financial Services and Markets Bill (FSMB) through to the House of Lords (HoL).
The legislation contains provisions to:
- Include stablecoins under the country’s payments rules,
- Include crypto as a regulated activity, and
- Supervise crypto promotions.
According to reports, new regulations could be introduced within 12 months.
Further to this, the FCA has also introduced new rules for marketing cryptoassets, whereby financial promotions on cryptoassets will only be permitted if they are “made or approved” by a firm with certain status with the FCA2. Further, if a firm promotes crypto, it must have clear risk warnings so that adverts are “clear, fair and not misleading.
There were a huge amount of hacks on crypto in 2022, whereby hackers stole a record $3.8 billion worth of cryptocurrency globally last year; 2022 was subsequently identified as the biggest ever year for hacking. And, indeed, this should be a warning to consumers who should be aware that crypto is still an environmental that comes with serious risk.
Speaking about the potential risk that consumers expose themselves to when dealing with crypto, Sheldon Mills, Executive Director, Consumers and Competition, said: “It is up to people to decide whether they buy crypto. But research shows many regret making a hasty decision. Our rules give people the time and the right risk warnings to make an informed choice.”
Further, Mills said that consumers should “still be aware” that crypto remains largely unregulated and high risk, and that those who invest should be prepared to “lose all their money.”
Interestingly, despite this ongoing warning, last year, the FCA found that almost one in 10 people surveyed owned cryptocurrencies in 2022.
Further, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has even recently gone back on its advice that countries should ban crypto, and is now saying that outright bans “may not be effective in the long run.”
Is Britcoin advancing?
There’s been a lot of hype around Britcoin; some have said it will bring legitimacy to crypto, while others have criticised the proposal to introduce the digital currency, claiming that it will be detrimental to the UK economy and people’s privacy.
The House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee, for example, found that the introduction would see “a lot of risk” with “very little” reward. Further, it outlined that if Britcoin allowed anonymous transactions, it would be open to the same kind of criminal risks as the current cryptocurrencies, but if it introduced potential ‘safeguards ‘against this, privacy would be at risk. Indeed, a centralised digital pound would mean that all spending would be recorded.
Regardless of the criticisms, it appears that Britcoin is pushing ahead and projections are that it could arrive by the end of the decade. Indeed, Project Rosalind, a joint trial run by The Bank for International Settlements and the Bank of England, was trialling the best way an Application Programming Interface (API) could be implemented in central bank digital currency (CBDC) for retail transactions. This trial recently concluded, with it reportedly showing the potential CBDCs have for introducing “programmability” to money and it looks like things will be progressing further.
Things to bear in mind when trading
While it’s important to enter trading with the knowledge that it is inherently risky, some of the following tips can help you trade a little more safely and is advise that should always apply to cryptotrading.
1.) Research is always your friend. Whether you’re looking for a cryptocurrency exchange to trade on or deciding which cryptocurrency you’ll proceed with – you need to research in depth. Make sure to choose an exchange with high-security features. Likewise, with cryptocurrency itself, review reputation, risk and track record.
2.) As outlined above, crypto is prone to being hacked, so you need to keep your money secure. One of the best ways to do this is to use a crypto wallet. Here, either get a digital wallet on your computer’s hard drive or a physical hardware wallet. This is also key for ensuring you don’t misplace your crypto – as many as 1 in 5 Bitcoins have been misplaced.
3.) Get serious about security. Say goodbye to easy-to-guess passwords and use a password manager to help you store your highly-secure passwords.
None of the content on this website, including blog posts, comments, or responses to user comments, is offered as financial advice. Figures used are for illustrative purposes only.
Government plans to regulate crypto for greater consumer protection
Crypto can feel like a bit of a minefield at the best of times, it is undoubtedly volatile, and currently, comes with fewer legal protections. However, as governments increasingly look to capitalise on the cryptomarket, and a number of high-profile hacks, regulation is on the way. This was first seen in the Financial Services and Markets Bill (FS&M Bill), and its latest proposals concerning the regulation of cryptoassets.
At The Salary Calculator, we know how challenging it can be to navigate the ins and outs of crypto and if you’re thinking of dipping your toe in as a potential investment opportunity, you’ll likely want to know where you stand from a regulatory point of view. Below, we’ll walk you through:
- The current risks associated with crypto
- The government’s regulatory plans and what they’ll involve
- How you’ll be affected as a consumer and how to keep safe when trading
Current risks associated with crypto
Crypto is known for being elusive, and volatile. According to research by the All-America Economic survey, only 8% of Americans have a positive perception of cryptocurrency. It’s only slightly better in the UK, too, with 15% thinking positively about crypto.
It’s no wonder there’s such a bad perception of the currency, either: it’s a big energy sucker, not VERY environmentally friendly, people often make losses trading (three-quarters have likely lost money on their investments in cryptocurrencies) and billions have been stolen in recent years.
Recent research by Chainalysis found that 2022 was the biggest ever year for crypto hacking, with around $3.8 billion stolen. Speaking about this, Kimberly Grauer, director of research at Chainalysis, said: “This year we saw some really big attacks that accounted for a lot of the value hacked. We saw a lot of advancements in the Web3 space – that introduced large new vulnerabilities that expert hacking organisations exploited.”
The EU has already outlined the world’s first comprehensive set of rules, due for final approval shortly, and to be introduced by next year. The UK is now following the EU’s example.
Plans for increased safety
To battle against the fraud and theft that is rife in the cryptomarket, the UK government has set out plans to bring in tighter regulation. According to the Treasury, this regulation is pegged to “protect consumers” without “stifling the potential economic benefits” of the crypto industry. This comes after criticisms that crypto is, at present, a “wild-west.”
So, what will the regulation actually do? Well, according to the government it is going to bring regulation of a broad suite of cryptoasset activities in line with its approach to traditional finance.
The government has outlined in its consultation for the proposals:
- It will create rules on crypto-asset promotions which are “fair, clear and not misleading,”
- Boost data-reporting requirements, including with regulators,
- Introduce new regulations to prevent “pump and dump,” which involves people artificially inflating the value of a crypto asset before selling it.
In a statement, Andrew Griffith, economic secretary to the Treasury, said: “We remain steadfast in our commitment to grow the economy and enable technological change and innovation – and this includes cryptoasset technology. But we must also protect consumers who are embracing this new technology, ensuring robust, transparent and fair standards.”
How the changes could affect you and how to keep safe when trading
According to research, 2.3 million people in the UK own some form of crypto asset, which means that there’s a whole host of people that could be affected by the regulation proposals currently open to consultation.
There are a few key things to note and below we’ll go into a little more detail:
- The government is discussing an issuance and disclosure regime, which will seek to provide appropriate liability and compensation for untrue or misleading statements, as well as minimum standards of information around issuance and investor protections regarding marketing materials,
- Regarding exchanges, the government is exploring “transparent and fair access and operating rules,” with systems and processes for ensuring accurate market data in real-time,
- It is proposing a dedicated regime to detect and tackle market abuse in digital asset markets (spoofing and layering, pump and dumps, wash trading, etc.),
- With regard to lending programs, the government outlined there should be: adequate risk warnings for consumers; adequate liquidity and wind-down arrangements; clear contractual terms for ownership and, ringfence retail funds in the event of insolvency.
Further to this, on Monday 6th February, the Government published a policy statement on its approach to cryptoasset financial promotions regulation. This outlined that cryptoasset promotions to UK consumers, will have to be clear and fair, and offer customers a 24-hour cooling-off period.
Speaking about the proposals, Jason Guthrie, European head of digital assets at the financial firm, Wisdom Tree, said looking forward, the “devil would be in the detail” with the right regulation in the interests of the industry and customers. “Having a solid a regulatory framework, having enforcement capabilities, is really important for consumer confidence. The sooner we have details around concrete proposals, the easier it is to plan for and build towards,” he said.
The proposals would largely see more security around investment, however the consultation on the proposals will run until April 2023, and safeguards will not be introduced for quite some time. Even when they are introduced, they still won’t eradicate all the risks associated with trading. Until then, to ensure you safeguard yourself, take the following steps to make investing safer:
- Be sure to use a trusted crypto platform and make sure to carefully read your exchange’s user terms and agreements. This will assist you with finding out where your funds are stored and what will happen if an exchange goes bankrupt.
- Enable two-factor authentication so that you’re provided with an additional layer of security.
- Avoid Public Wi-Fi Networks, unless you have a VPN. This is because public Wi-Fi networks are vulnerable to hackers and allow them to spread malware.
UK to become a global crypto hub
The UK government recently announced its plans to make the country a “global hub” for the crypto industry. This announcement comes after the industry criticised the UK for its stringent regulatory approach and a consultation was also conducted by the government in 2021.
However, while this announcement means that the UK will be set on a path to exploit the potential of crypto, some critics are not so sure the move is a good idea, claiming that cryptocurrency is a hotbed for criminal activity.
At The Salary Calculator, we’ll walk you through:
- How the UK will become a cryptohub
- What stablecoins are
- What the move means for the UK
UK to become home to a crypto hub
Back in 2021, the government held a consultation on its approach to cryptoasset regulation, with a particular focus on stablecoins. HM Treasury published a response to this consultation and call for evidence this month, and with that, made a number of announcements, including that the UK is to become a global hub for cryptoasset technology and investment.
Alongside this, the government said that stablecoins will be brought within regulation, and that it would legislate for a ‘financial market infrastructure sandbox’ named ‘CryptoSprint,’ which it said would encourage firms to innovate, and will be overseen by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). Likewise, a new body, namely the Cryptoasset Engagement Group, is to form and will see the government work with crypto companies. The government will also create an NFT (non-fungible token) via The Royal Mint.
Commenting on the government’s decision to move into the crypto space, Chancellor Rishi Sunak said that it was part of his ambition to make the UK a “global hub for cryptoasset technology.” He went on to say that the measures will help ensure firms “can invest, innovate and scale up” the country. Sunak also said with this policy change, the government hopes to attract the “businesses of tomorrow.”
This announcement that the UK will become a cryptohub comes shortly after its top financial regulator issued a warning that those investing in crypto “should be prepared to lose all their money.”
What are stablecoins?
The world of crypto is undeniably steeped in confusion, and you’re not alone if, when hearing the word stablecoin, you find yourself scratching your head. Stablecoins are a form of cryptocurrency which are matched against typical currencies, like, for example, the dollar or the pound.
While both stablecoins and other cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology, stablecoins are different from other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum, which are much more volatile. Stablecoins will only change in value alongside changes in regular currency. This means that unlike Bitcoin, which seemingly crashes on a regular basis, wiping over $1 trillion from market value, it is just as its name says, stable, or as stable as a currency can be. According to the Treasury’s recent announcement, these coins will be regulated the same way the pound is regulated.
Is this a positive development?
While stablecoins, which came into existence back in the mid-2010s, are arguably a safer form of cryptocurrency, they do somewhat contradict the philosophical basis of such currency. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin were created to be decentralised, so there was no need for a trusted third party or governing body. As Ronald Mulder explains, “it is based on code, mathematics, cryptography, and game theory.”
Alpay Soytürk, Chief Regulatory Officer at Spectrum Markets, also points out that another problem with stablecoins are their “unknown or insufficient or both – reserves.” For example, in 2021, writing in The Conversation, Jean-Philippe Serbera, a Senior Lecturer at Sheffield Hallam University, highlighted that while stablecoin providers promise they have reserves “worth 100% of the value of their stablecoins,” this is rarely the case. He gave the example of Tether, which holds 75% of its reserves in cash and equivalents, and USDC, which had 61% as of May 2021.
That said, cryptocurrencies, in general, are increasingly gaining popularity. One report, “Demystifying Crypto: Shedding light on the adoption of digital currencies for payments in 2022,” found that more people are adopting cryptocurrencies for online payments. Young people, in particular, are said to be in favour of using crypto payments. In 2021, for example, it was found that 30% of young people were open to these kinds of payments, and a further 23% of online businesses say they are planning on expanding their payment options to include crypto within the next few years.
Aside from using crypto for payments, studies show that more and more Millennials are investing in crypto. A recent survey found that 38% had invested in crypto to diversify their investments. Likewise, a Royal Mint survey found that the same percentage of Gen Z’s are following suit.
Moreover, despite the UK government seemingly welcoming crypto with open arms, it is addressing the concerns of some, such as Bank of England governor Andrew Bailey who warns that such currencies are a “front line” in criminal scams, and an “opportunity for the downright criminal.” According to John Glen, economic secretary to the Treasury, the government is aware of what kind of nefarious opportunities crypto presents but assured naysayers that it “won’t compromise” when it comes to anti-money laundering regulations.
That said, it is perhaps worth noting the other psychological harms associated with crypto trading. According to addiction experts, some young men trading crypto have begun expressing symptoms of and seeking help for problem gambling. Speaking to The Times, Barry Grant, project manager of Extern Problem Gambling, said that those traders who he had encountered displayed “classic gambling addiction progression”. He explained: “You dabble with it. You do something small, you’re having a bit of fun. Maybe you’re doing a bit of research about it. Then, you have a big win.”
Cryptocurrency: how to report and pay the right amount of tax
Article by GoSimpleTax
In October 2021, HMRC was reportedly planning to send out “nudge letters” to holders of cryptocurrency (also called cryptoassets or just crypto), reminding them to check that they were reporting correctly and paying the required amount of tax.
Obviously, HMRC wants to prevent tax underpayment by the 2.3m people in the UK now believed to have crypto holdings. You may be among them and want to be sure that you’re reporting properly and paying the right amount of tax. Or you could be thinking about investing in cryptocurrency and want to know what your obligations would be regarding reporting and paying tax.
This guide explains:
- What cryptoassets and cryptocurrency are.
- When cryptocurrency is subject to Capital Gains Tax.
- When cryptocurrency is subject to Income Tax.
- What records you need to keep for tax purposes.
- How to report crypto gains or income.
What are cryptoassets/cryptocurrency?
HMRC defines cryptocurrency/cryptoassets as: “Cryptographically secured digital representations of value or contractual rights that can be transferred, stored and traded electronically.”
Chances are you’ve heard of Bitcoin, the world’s best-known and most widely held cryptocurrency. More than 60% of UK cryptocurrency investors have Bitcoin holdings, but other examples include Ether, Litecoin and Ripple.
Cryptocurrencies are digital assets, they’re not physical currency. You can’t buy things in the shops with them and they have no inherent value, they’re worth whatever someone is willing to pay for them. A cryptotoken is a denomination of a particular cryptocurrency and they each have different values. As with other assets, cryptocurrency value can go up or down.
Cryptocurrency is bought and sold via secure peer-to-peer online networks or exchanges. According to HMRC, the tax treatment of cryptocurrency depends on its nature and use. Basically, if you’re given crypto or earn income from crypto trading, it can be subject to Income Tax. If you dispose of crypto by selling, exchanging or giving it away, it can be subject to Capital Gains Tax.
When is cryptocurrency subject to Capital Gains Tax?
Obviously, people invest in cryptocurrency hoping that its value will increase over time. If it does, you make a gain, that’s why Capital Gains Tax can be payable if you dispose of cryptocurrency tokens by:
- selling them
- exchanging them for other cryptoassets
- using them to pay for good or services
- giving them away (unless it’s to your spouse or partner) or
- donating them to charity.
Your gain is the difference between how much you bought the crypto for (including any transaction fees) and sold it for. If someone gives you cryptocurrency tokens upon which you later need to pay tax, to work out your gain, you must find out their market value when they became yours.
How much Capital Gains Tax is payable on cryptocurrency?
After your total taxable gains go over the Capital Gains Tax tax-free allowance threshold – £12,300 for the 2021-22 tax year – you’ll be taxed as follows:
- If you’re a basic rate Income Tax payer (ie with taxable earnings of £12,571-£50,270 a year) you’ll pay Capital Gains Tax of 10%, then 20% on gains that take you above £50,270 in taxable earnings.
- If you’re a higher or additional rate Income Tax payer (ie with taxable earnings of more than £50,270 a year) you’ll pay 20% CGT on your crypto gains over and above the CGT threshold.
To find out whether Capital Gains Tax is payable after selling cryptocurrency, you need to calculate your gain for each transaction.
Some allowable expenses are deductable for Capital Gains Tax, including (according to HMRC):
- “transaction fees paid before the transaction is added to a blockchain”
- “advertising for a buyer or seller”
- “drawing up a contract for the transaction”
- “making a valuation so you can work out your gain for that transaction”
- “a proportion of the pooled cost of your tokens when working out your gain”.
Need to know!
- Capital Gains Tax is obviously not due on crypto losses, but you can use these to reduce other crypto gains and any tax liability, providing you first report them to HMRC. Losses aren’t capped.
How to report and pay Capital Gains Tax on cryptocurrency
To report and pay Capital Gains Tax on cryptocurrency you can either complete a Self Assessment tax return following the end of the tax year or use the real-time Capital Gains Tax service to report and pay straight away.
You must keep separate records for each cryptocurrency transaction detailing:
- token type
- disposal date
- number of tokens disposed of
- tokens remaining
- value of the tokens in pound sterling
- bank statements and wallet addresses
- pooled costs before and after you disposed of them.
Need to know!
- HMRC can ask to inspect your cryptocurrency records if it decides to carry out a compliance
When is Income Tax rather than CGT payable on cryptocurrency?
Income Tax and National Insurance contributions (NICs) can be payable on cryptocurrency if your employer gives you them as a non-cash bonus or benefit (this could apply to those who mix employment with self-employment). If you need to pay Income Tax on income from crypto for this or other reasons, you’ll need to register for Self Assessment, if you’re not already registered.
If you occasionally dabble in crypto, you’ll probably only have to pay Capital Gains Tax on disposal. However, if you trade regularly, HMRC will consider you to be a crypto trader and you’ll need to report your income via Self Assessment and pay any Income Tax and National Insurance that’s due.
If you’ve paid Income Tax on crypto, Capital Gains Tax isn’t payable unless you later dispose of your tokens, when CGT will be due on the gain made since you reported for Income Tax.
Many cryptoassets are traded on exchanges that don’t use pounds sterling. If so, the value of any gain or loss must be converted into pounds sterling when you’re completing your Self-Assessment tax return. You’ll need to use supplementary page SA108 to detail crypto capital gains/income and losses claimed within your SA100 tax return.
Need to know!
- Fail to report cryptocurrency gains or income to HMRC and it can lead to penalties, while you’ll still have to pay tax you owe plus interest.
More information
Visit government website GOV.uk to download HMRC’s Cryptoassets Manual. It sets out the tax rules for both individuals and businesses that invest in cryptocurrency.
Income, Expenses and tax submission all in one.
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Cryptocurrency: Facts, figures and potential dangers
These days, it feels like talk of cryptocurrency is everywhere. It can be easy to think that cryptocurrency is a straightforward investment, with adverts saying “It’s time to buy” and “Be your own bank.” However, cryptocurrency is a lot more complicated than one might first think, and as with any investment, it’s important to be aware of the risks and dangers.
At The Salary Calculator, we’ll guide you through:
- What cryptocurrency is
- What Britcoin is, and what the Bank of England’s consultation means
- Why you should be wary of cryptocurrency
- How to keep your wits about you
What is cryptocurrency?
Cryptocurrency is a form of digital currency which is typically decentralised and with which people can use to make transactions and invest. However, what makes it unique is that it is secured by cryptography, meaning that transactions are entirely untraceable, and you don’t need a third party, like a bank or credit card company, to oversee purchases.
The most well-known form of cryptocurrency is Bitcoin which was created back in 2009 and uses peer-to-peer technology, allowing users to buy or sell directly with another user. It uses blockchain technology, which is also known as Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT).
As of 2021, there are reportedly 300 million crypto users across the globe.
What is Britcoin?
The Bank of England has reportedly launched a consultation into Britcoin, Britain’s own digital currency. That said, it would not technically be a cryptocurrency because, unlike Bitcoin, it would be issued by the bank.
As a result, Britcoin would be a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), and, as outlined by the Bank of England, £10 of Britcoin would hold the same value as a £10 note.
Speaking about the consultation, the bank’s deputy governor for financial stability, Jon Cunliffe, said: “The plan to publish a consultation next year on CBDC is a crucial step in our policy development, especially as we further our thinking on the pressing issues at hand.”
“What it will do is provide a platform for interested parties and relevant groups to engage with the key questions on the merits of CBDC, and whether the public sector should advance to a development phase.”
England isn’t the first place to be exploring the possibilities of this kind of digital currency; the Bahamas has the Sand Dollar, while China launched pilots of CBDC in 2020.
According to the Bank of England, there will be no launch before 2025.
Why you should be wary of cryptocurrency
There are a number of reasons why you should be wary of cryptocurrency. One key aspect of cryptocurrency is that it is incredibly volatile. While, on the 10th November, Bitcoin reached an all-time high reaching above $68,000, on 16th November, there was a market-wide crash, whereby the overall crypto market dropped by over $200 billion to approximately $2.6 trillion.
It’s also important to note that cryptocurrencies are unregulated, which means that there’s no watchdog or regulator to oversee the security of transactions and guarantee safety and security – which is another issue.
Although cryptocurrency is decentralised, meaning you own your own money, crypto exchanges and hot wallets (cryptocurrency wallets) can be hacked, and hacks happen all the time. This is why, when trading, it’s important to have a ‘cold wallet,’ too, which can’t be accessed through the internet.
Cryptocurrency ads and keeping your wits about you
You may have found yourself noticing more and more advertisements for cryptocurrency. With these advertisements becoming more mainstream, appearing on TfL buses and trains, one may believe these are regulated, conventional and safe forms of investment.
It’s for this exact reason that the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) banned advertisement from crypto exchange service, Luno, which told people it was “time to buy.” Explaining the reasoning behind its decision, the ASA said: “We understood that bitcoin investment was complex, volatile, and could expose investors to losses and considered that stood in contrast to the impression given by the ad, that investment was simple and conventional.”
Adding: “We concluded that the ad irresponsibly suggested that engaging in bitcoin investment through Luno was straightforward and easy, particularly given that the audience it addressed.”
Now, further appeals for bans of crypto ads have been made, especially in relation to TfL posters advertising Floki Inu, another crypto product. Advertisements for this product ran for three weeks, and TfL has admitted that they do not know who is behind the funding of the posters.
If you decide you want to take things further with cryptocurrency, here are some tips on how to keep safe:
- Research, research, and research some more. Keep up-to-date with cryptocurrency exchanges, and even reach out to experienced investors for guidance and advice.
- Diversify. Putting all your money into cryptocurrency, especially considering how volatile it is, is potentially very dangerous. Make sure you don’t get caught out.
- Look into different cryptocurrency wallets to ensure your investments and purchases are safe or as safe as they can be.
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